Communication in Early Childhood Essay

Good communication in early childhood is essential because without communication the child wanders hopelessly around looking for some explanation as to why things work the way they do. When born, children know who to look for, listen to and bond with. Even before birth their brains are already somewhat â€Å"prewired for survival† (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2008) Doctors and scientists have researched that in the womb babies favour the sound of their mother’s voices rather than voices of their fathers or a stranger. This is backed up by experiments showing that the fetal heart rate increases when the mothers voice is heard and decreases when a strangers voice is heard or even their fathers. This experimental research proves that the thoughts had about communication starting later on in babies mental development or even toddlers is a myth on all accounts. Children are â€Å"designed to communicate from birth† (Stamm & Spencer 2007) How this ability is cultivated depends on the environment in which the child is surrounded in. The ability to communicate effectively in early childhood settings is crucial in social and mental development. When communicating with young children eye contact, body language and listening is all important factors to their learning development. Seventy percent of communication is non verbal so hand gestures and facial expressions with infants and small children can be interpreted in the wrong context if perceived to be scary or too intense. Keep in mind the environment in which the child is surrounded needs to be relaxed, clutter free. If there are too many noises or it is a very hectic environment the child is likely to be distracted easily which can hinder the communication development. â€Å"Communication refers to the development of a language system and language skills† (Stamm & Spencer 2007) From a very early age children know how communicate. Whether it is by body language or speech, children develop their foundations for communicating from at first their family members then those their family members choose to surround them with. It is not a switch that is turned on from a certain age, developed over time with the use of neural commitment. Neural commitment is a part of the brain the helps the child develop in a few short years. It allows the child to sort, words, sounds, grammar and syntax of their native tongue.

Eco 365 week syllabus Essay

Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Differentiate between macroeconomics and microeconomics. 1.2 Analyze the effect of changes in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity. 1.3 Determine how elasticities affect pricing and purchasing decisions. Reading Read Ch. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 of Economics. Reading Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. Continual 3 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. By Friday Sept 13 2 Nongraded Activities and Preparation Article Analysis Research the University Library and Internet, and select a recent news article concerning trends in consumption patterns of a specific product, such as gasoline, oil, grain, or coffee. The following article which is located in the Electronic Reserve Readings on the student website is an example of trends in consumption patterns: Note. Do not use this article for your assignment. Hauser, C. (2011, August 24). Sales of new homes fell again in July. The New York Times. p. 6. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Write a 700 – 1,050-word paper in which you do the following: Analyze the basis for the trends in consumption patterns, as discussed in the article you selected. Consider the utility derived from a product or service mentioned in the article. Describe what has occurred to change the demand for the product or service and its market and equilibrium prices. Assume that supply remains the same. Describe what has occurred to change the supply of the product or service and its market and equilibrium prices. Assume that demand remains the same. In your opinion, is demand for this product or service price elastic or inelastic? What does this imply about how consumers respond to changes in the price of this product or service? Support your determination of the price elasticity of demand with a reference. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. This is not mandatory and is not turned in or graded. Week Two: Production and Cost Analysis Details Due Points Objectives 1 2 2.1 Describe the relationship between the number of inputs and the law of diminishing marginal productivity. 2.2 Analyze the relationship between productivity and the cost of production. 2.3 Analyze the effect of changes in the supply of and demand for factors of production on the price of inputs. 2.4 Analyze the effect of changes in marginal revenues and costs on a firm’s profit-making potential. Reading Read Ch. 12, 13, 19, 19w and 20 of Economics. Participation Participate in class discussion. Continual 3 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. By Friday Sept 20 2 Individual Supply and Demand Simulation Complete the Supply and Demand Simulation located on the student website. Write 750 – 1,050-word paper of no more than summarizing the content. Address the following: Identify two microeconomics and two macroeconomics principles or concepts from the simulation. Explain why you have categorized these principles or concepts as macroeconomic or microeconomic. Identify at least one shift of the supply curve and one shift of the demand curve in the simulation. What causes the shifts? For each shift, analyze how it would affect the equilibrium price, quantity, and decision making. How may you apply what you learned about supply and demand from the simulation to your workplace or your understanding of a real-world product with which you are familiar? How do the concepts of microeconomics help you understand the factors that affect shifts in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity? How do the concepts of macroeconomics help you understand the factors that affect shifts in supply and demand on the equilibrium price and quantity? Relating to the simulation, explain how the price elasticity of demand affects a consumer’s purchasing and the firm’s pricing strategy. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday Sept 23 15 Learning Team Reflection Production and Cost Analysis Discuss this week’s objectives with your team. Include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the topics relate to your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050- word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Monday Sept 23 2 Week Three: Market Structure Details Due Points Objectives 2 3 3 3.1 Compare various market structures and their characteristics. 3.2 Evaluate the effectiveness of competitive strategies within market structures. 3.3 Determine profit-maximizing strategies based on market structure analysis. Reading Read Ch. 3, 14, 15 and 16 of Economics. Participation Participate in class discussion. Continual 3 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. By Friday Sept 27 2 Learning Team Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Imagine you are part of a strategic planning group at a large corporation that is considering developing a new proposed product. The marketing director has asked your team to do a competitive market analysis to determine the product’s potential success. The analysis will focus on your primary competitor in the product’s market. Select a potential competitive organization and a product in that organization. Write a 1,400 – 1,750-word paper of no more than analyzing the current market conditions. Address the following topics: A short history of the organization and a description of their product Factors that affect demand, supply, and equilibrium prices in the market in which the competitor organization operates: Define the market for your chosen product, including an analysis of its competitors, potential customers, or potential buyers. Any issues or opportunities your organization or industry faces that affect its competitiveness and long-term profitability with regards to your product: This may include, but is not limited, to the following elements. Price elasticity of demand Technological innovation The relationship between the amount of labor & capital employed and the law of diminishing marginal productivity Cost structure Factors affecting variable costs, including productivity and others that change the supply of and demand for labor Factors affecting fixed costs Make recommendations on how your organization can maximize their profit-making potential, and successfully compete in the new market. Consider the effect your recommendations may have on marginal revenues and costs. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday Sept 30 12 Learning Team Reflection Market Structure Discuss this week’s objectives with your team. Include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the topics relate to your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050- word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Monday Sept 30 2 Week Four: Public Policy in Economics Details Due Points Objectives 4 4 4.1 Analyze the effect of externalities on market outcomes. 4.2 Differentiate among horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers. 4.3 Analyze the effect of government interventions, taxation, and regulations on economic behavior. Reading Read Ch. 8, 18, 21 and 21w of Economics. Participation Participate in class discussion. Continual 3 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. By Friday October 4 2 Individual Differentiating Between Market Structures For this assignment, you will choose from the following options: Differentiating Between Market Structures in an Organization of Your Choice Read the instructions in the University of Phoenix Material: Differentiating Between Market Structures located on the student website. You also need to complete the Market structures table for each of the different markets. Monday October 7 15 Learning Team Reflection Public Policy in Economics Discuss this week’s objectives with your team. Include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the topics relate to your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050- word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Monday October 7 2 Week Five: Global Competition Details Due Points Objectives 5 5 5.1 Determine the effect of global competition on an organization’s strategies for maximizing profits. 5.2 Analyze the effect of global competition on the relationship between management and labor. Reading Read Ch. 2 of Economics. Reading Read Ch. 9, 17, 22 and 23 of Economics. Participation Participate in class discussion. Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. Individual Final Examination Resource: Economics Click the link to the Final Examination on the student website available from the end of Week Four through the end of Week Five. Complete the Final Examination. You have one attempt to complete the exam, which is timed and must be completed in 3 hours. Results are auto-graded and sent to your instructor. Monday Oct 14 15 Learning Team Competitive Strategies and Government Policies Management has recognized the effect of changes in the real-world competitive environment and government policies on other industries and anticipates similar events occurring in their industry, so they ask you for a report considering the following points. Write 1,400 – 1,750-word paper in which you describe how each of the following are or potentially will affect your industry or one with which you are familiar: New companies entering the market, mergers, and globalization, on pricing and the sustainability of profits: Identify the type of merger activity in your industry or one with which you are familiar–horizontal, vertical, or conglomerate–and explain why you made that choice. Current and expected government policies and regulations, including taxes and regulations in place to address issues related to externalities Global competition on the decisions made by management with regards to change in labor demand, supply, relations, unions, and rules and regulations in your chosen industry Recommend how the industry you chose may respond to each of the previous points. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday Oct 14 15 Learning Team Reflection Global Competition Discuss this week’s objectives with your team. Include the topics you feel comfortable with, any topics you struggled with, and how the topics relate to your field. Prepare a 350- to 1,050- word paper detailing the findings of your discussion. Monday Oct 14 2 Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

Narcosis ciliates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Narcosis ciliates - Essay Example This movement propels the cell perpendicular to the orientation of the cilia. In contrast, the longer flagellum, usually one or two, moves in an undulating manner, moving successive waves from the base to the tip in the process. As such, it propels the cell to move parallel to the flagellum’s orientation. On the other hand, microvilli are non-motile appendage with no internal structure supporting it (Reece, et al., 2011). The loss of activity of cilia, resulting to loss of cellular motility, is termed ciliate narcosis. This can be induced by different living conditions and substances to which it is exposed to, such as low temperature (Jackson, Goggin and Lucas, 2012), calcium (Nakanaka, Tanaka and Oosawa, 1984), magnesium and protein (Adshead, et al., 1975) concentrations, as well as the presence of certain substances, such as theophylline, bromhexine, ambroxol, terpin hydrate, mercaptoethanesulfonat-sodium, amrinon, salbutamol, tetracosactid-hexaacetate, histamine, phenol and nitric oxide (Graf, Graf and Wenz, 1999). In addition, a study using tracheal cells in vitro, showed that ciliary beat frequency was increased at low ethanol concentrations (0. 01 to 0. 1%), unchanged at (0. 5 to 1%), and decreased above 2% (Maurer and Liebman, 1988). Moreover, even if it does not penetrate the cellular membrane, the presence of glycerol in the culture can make cellular surroundings viscous, making it more difficult for cilia to move (Negus, 1949). Alcohols are amphiphatic molecules primarily composed of alkane (CH3) and hydroxyl (OH) moieties, such that the simplest alcohol is methane (CH3OH). When the hydrocarbon portion becomes longer, as in the case of ethanol (2 Cs), propranol (3 Cs) and butanol (4 Cs), the alcohol becomes effectively more hydrophobic. A compound similar to alcohols, propranolol in particular, is glycerol, which has hydroxyl group attached to each of the three carbon atoms (Masterton and Hurley, 2008). One of the well-studied organisms known t o extensively use cilia for movement is the free-living Tetrahymena pyriformis, which belongs to the order Holotrichia, literally meaning cilia all over its membrane. The microorganism is a common fixture in human toxicity studies, because of its cilia’s similarity in terms of morphology and function to that of human epithelial cells (Graf, Graf and Wenz, 1999). Its cell membrane has the characteristic sandwich-like phospholipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic head facing the cytoplasm or the external surroundings, and the hydrophobic chain filling the middle. Given this structure, hydrophilic molecules can more easily pass the membrane, as compared to hydrophobic ones. However, the presence of transport mechanisms allows hydrophobic molecules to enter the cell (Reece, et al., 2011). In cellular permeability studies, an observable cellular change effected by previously identified substance must be utilized in order to clearly determine when and in what conditions the substance penetrated the cell membrane. In this case, the cellular change used was ciliate necrosis and the substance that causes it would be alcohol. This experiment was conducted in order to 1) observe narcosis of T. pyriformis ciliates by alcohol, and 2) discuss the results of ciliate narcosis in terms of membrane permeability. METHOD After preparing propranol and glycerol serial dilutions (propranol: 1.8 M, 1. 5M, 0. 4M, 0. 2M , 0M; glycerol: 2. 8M, 2M, 1. 7M, 1M, 0M) using distilled

Media Bias CNN and FOX News on the Healthcare Debate Research Paper

Media Bias CNN and FOX News on the Healthcare Debate - Research Paper Example Media bias can be of many types. It could be advertising bias which means slanting to please the advertisers, it could be mainstream bias which refers to reporting only those stories which are being reported on other main networks, it could be corporate bias which means selecting particular stories which would please only the corporate honchos of the media industry or it could be sensationalism which means showing the exceptional much above the ordinary for instance, making the viewers believe that airplanes crashes happen very frequently and they are as frequent as automobile crashes. There have been efforts made to correct bias but significant results are yet to be seen. This paper will shed light upon the slant of Fox news and CNN during the 2008 presidential election, how these trusted news channels present their biased perspectives will also be analyzed in this paper. Barrack Obama has been very critical of Fox news for more reasons than one, the President of the United States h as even excluded the news channel from participating in his press conferences, it is also known that the President wants the other big media outlets to cut all their ties with Fox news because he thinks the channel fabricates the news and is biased in more ways than one. It is implausible to find negative articles about McCain and Palin and it is implausible to find positive articles about Obama on Fox news. Their website has had its own share of flak from the Obama administration. The channel has received flak on a no of occasions for unfair reporting. Fox news has become faux news because the news shown on the channel is either fake or has bias. â€Å"A more accurate statement is that Fox News does actually report on all news: You'll find negative McCain and Palin coverage on the site and in the story archive. What they don't do is feature it as prominently or for as long on their homepage when they do post these stories, and they keep negative coverage on Obama on their homepage for as long as possible.† (Faux News) There have been a series of controversies that Fox news has been involved in and many believe that a reputed news channel would never face so many controversies, the channel has been accused of having a pro-republican bias and a documentary by the name outfoxed proves the very same fact. Keeping all these facts in mind one must be aware of the fact that the channel does not make any attempt of presenting stories and events as they really are, they fabricate and add their perspective to these stories and events. The 2008 presidential election was no different, the channel did their best to defame and criticize Obama who after becoming the President got back with the same animosity and hostility. The website would often leave their homepage as it is which would contain defaming information about Obama. â€Å"Discussing the 2008 campaign for the presidency, Sammon said, "I have to admit that I went on TV on Fox News and publicly engaged in what I guess was some rather mischievous speculation about whether Barack Obama really advocated socialism, a premise that privately I found rather far-fetched." (Is Fox News' Sammon a 'mischief' maker?) The channel has already lost its journalistic integrality and it is believed that they attack everyone and anyone who refuse to believe in their ideology. CNN on the other hand has been accused of having a pro-democrat bias. The channel hardly criticizes democrats and this has been seen on several occasions. The president was also racially abused on several occasions, several channels tried their best to defame and criticize him, in-spite of that he came out victorious. CNN has been

Marketing Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example Sony Corporation is the electronics business unit that is responsible for the production and marketing of its video games consoles including the Sony PlayStation. The history of the PlayStation began in 1988 when Sony and Nintendo worked together on a product called the Super Disc. However, Sony and Nintendo parted company and the Super Disc was never launched by Nintendo. In 1991, Sony modified the Super Disk as part of its development of the first Sony PlayStation. Sony launched the long awaited PlayStation 3 in the USA in 2006 just two days before the launch of the Wii from Nintendo. These two new consoles proved to be immensely popular and most retail shops sold out of both within days. Soon afterwards both of the consoles appeared for resale in large numbers on the auction website eBay. The asking prices for some of these resale consoles were up to five times the original retail price. Microsoft's Xbox 360 console had a one-year lead in the market and enjoyed buoyant sales as a result. Nintendo's Wii positioned itself away from its main two competitors through the deployment of its ground-breaking motion-sensing controller (Cheng J, Mark Freeman-Aloiau M, Xin Guo, Pullen A. 2007) In 2In 2009, the PlayStation 3, helped by a $100 price cut, has outsold Nintendo's Wii console for the first time. Sales of the PlayStation 3 more than doubled to 491,800, while those of the Wii fell 33% to 462,800 (Satariano, A. 2009). The PlayStation 3 is expected to give a further boost to Sony's earnings in time for Christmas this year when the latest version of the blockbuster role-playing game for the PlayStation, 'Final Fantasy', is launched in December (iStockAnalyst, 2009). 2.0 Marketing Strategy 2.1 Positioning Strategy Sony uses the newest and greatest technology to appeal to their customers. The people who are most interested in staying up-to-date with the newest technology are usually men of the ages 15-30. To reach that market, they make games that are attractive to men of those ages; these games tend to be the shooters and high action games such as Kill Zone and God of War. However, they do make games for younger children; these games have a more adventure based game play such as Jak and Daxter and Crash Bandicoot. Beyond gaming, Sony also hopes to reach movie buffs with their high-definition movie playback thanks to Blu-ray technology. Blu-ray offers the latest advancement in movie entertainment experience. The detail of these movies is so good that you can literally see individual pores on people's faces. As you might expect, this means detail on everything is very high and movie buffs love this. 2.2 Product Strategy The PS3 offers the most advanced visuals and audio of any other game console and most computers. Hardcore gamers want their games to be more visually pleasing, and that is exactly what Sony has given them. They have changed very little about control setup except they have added some motion sensitivity (after they saw Nintendo unveil this feature in the Wii); this means that people who have played PS1 and/or PS2 won't have to learn how to hold and use the controller all over again. Also, there are a lot of classic games available for download via the Playstation Network (for a

NETWORK ADMINISTRATION AND SECURITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

NETWORK ADMINISTRATION AND SECURITY - Essay Example 2002). UNIX back end server support the automatic generation of enterprise java beans facilitated the development teams to develop the J2EE application more efficiently. By the UNIX fast XML proxy support, web services are developed in no time on a distributed system as compared to the previous server architecture. IBM 32 way UNIX servers were also launched in year 2001 with the code name â€Å"Regatta†. The microprocessor architecture comprises of 1 GHz 64 Bit Power 4. This UNIX server is capable of self-healing technology and to decrease system failures. The system is capable to divide into 16 virtual servers which enable the businesses to unite several machines in to one (Popovich 2001). The Client-server model of UNIX was the core components for the growth of Internet and reshaping of the distributed systems networks. Inter process communication in the UNIX operating system involves the connection between the system components logically and physically. It supports real tim e network applications which allow the user to exchange messages in an interactive session. UNIX is known as a command line interface due to nonexistence of a GUI environment Today UNIX is equipped with a GUI along with dynamic communication functionalities. Some of the registered UNIX products are HP-UX, IBM AIX, SCO UnixWare, SGI IRIX, Sun Solaris etc. 2 UNIX Administration UNIX system administrator is responsible for installing software, patches, administer file system, analyze and constantly monitor the performance. If any issue occurs, system administrator troubleshoots the issue with the help of available tools and commands. Hardware and software configuration management, liaison with data center, software and hardware migration also add to the responsibilities of a UNIX system administrator. The UNIX administration is divided in to two separate groups. System Administration Network Administration 2.1 System Administration To administer Linux / UNIX, there are many commands an d tools available. To perform useful tasks, following commands are illustrated below with screen shots where possible. 2.1.1 â€Å"MAN† Command ‘MAN’ command â€Å"displays the online documentation for almost any command or program in UNIX. An incredible amount of information is stored in man pages, but you must know the name of the command you are looking for to be able to search† (, UNIX man command). This command extracts the title from the online reference manuals. As in the below mentioned snapshot, there is no manual installed. 2.1.2 â€Å"su† Command ‘Su’ is used to create a shell with a specific used id. It is used for switching between accounts as compared to Windows â€Å"switch user† option. See the snapshot for example 2.1.3 ‘Who’ Command This command displays the information regarding the users who is logged in, from how long, and how many users are logged in. As the below mentioned snapshot shows the us ername, time, date and how many users are logged in. Common switches are activity, state, line, time and name. 2.2 Network Administration Network administrator utilized ICMP â€Å"

Review of Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Review of Research Methods - Essay Example Another important problem is that a number of methods used in modern researches are not appropriate to each certain case. In this case the very idea of empirical survey is deteriorated and the results leave much to be desired. In both instances the retrieved results are far from reality and need substantial clarification. At the same time, properly selected and carefully employed research methods can be dramatically important in each type of either a survey or analysis of existing quantitative data. Correctly (from methodological perspective) received and interpreted data would provide a researcher with a variety of information and findings concerning different aspects of problem researched. The abovementioned makes the question of methods effectiveness and appropriateness to each certain case extremely important. This project will examine appropriateness and effectiveness of research methods suggested in each of three suggested case studies below. The case studies provided for the analysis are dedicated to the same research problem, i.e.: examination of neighborhood effect on people's health behavior, particularly walking and smoking. All three case studies hypothesized that there is a significant influence of neighborhood on people's health behavior. However, each of them focused on identification of specific community factors that may influence this or that behavior. Each of these studies is based on representative samplings and includes the data from all-national (regional) surveys in the US or Canada. Alternative methods used were telephone surveys and observation of communities. Statistical methods in all three cases included different types of regressions that allows define the impact of one variable/variables (independent variable) on another one/ones (dependent variable). The project of C. Ross (2000) is dedicated to the general problem of health behavior. The author hypothesizes that neighborhood could affect health behaviors. Ross (2000) assumed that people from poor communities and with humble backgrounds (e.g.: poor education, low income, etc.) are more likely to smoke and reversely less likely to take exercises and walk. This assumption is based on two social-psychological models of influence in "community-person" system, i.e.: contagion theory and structural perspective. The first theory states that people are influenced by others surrounding them. The second approach believes that surrounding presents their neighbors with both constrains (fears, prejudices, etc.) and opportunities and resources (courts, playgrounds, pools, etc). The representative sampling (multilevel-data sampling) included the residents of Illinois (USA) selected according to the criteria of poverty and education of both the people and their neighborhoods. Other socio-demographic criteria included into the sampling were race, gender, age, household income, individual poverty, marital status, etc. The data for the sampling was taken from 1995 survey of Community, Health and Crime. The interviews were telephone-based and included both closed and open-ended questions. The

Comparison of African and Native American Responses to Europe Essay

Comparison of African and Native American Responses to Europe - Essay Example Through this paper, the writer will explore the similarity between the experiences of European colonialism, among the members of the two minority groups. For both the Native Americans and the black Americans, the phenomena of colonialism developed in a progressive way. For the Native Americans, the times before colonialism and during the early years of experience, they were often referred as noble savages. On their part, Native Americans described themselves in a similar manner, as the groups originating from the nations. Later on, the Indians were given more negative labels, including that they were heathens, wild, savages and those changed to modern labels like drunken Indians (Aguirre & Turner, 2009). In a similar manner, the experience of the Black Americans, their experience of colonialism also developed progressively. In their case, the people that later became the victims of colonialism started out as merchants, Arabic scholars, animal-tenders, arts people and peasants to the would-be colonizers. However, later on as their colonization progressed, they were viewed as niggers, uncivilized, childlike and to current labels, inclu ding criminals and rapists (Glaser, 2005). The experience of Native groups and blacks was similar in that, both groups suffered from the inhumane mistreatment projected by their colonizers. In the case of the Native Americans, the mistreatment experienced entailed the dispossession of their lands by their colonizers (Nash, 2014). In a similar, but different way, the blacks suffered from the mistreatment of their colonizers, which took the forms of forced labor and denial of their human rights. In similar ways, the mistreatment experienced by the Native and the black groups was practiced at both a personal level and also in institutionalized ways. In giving justifications and explanations about the mistreatment of the two groups, the colonizers relied on the idealized ideologies that were institutionalized using social

English Language Essay Example for Free

English Language Essay English has emerged as the global language of trade and commerce in the past few decades, affecting many key aspects of business in the modern world. The English language has become the standard for all important official communications in an increasingly large number of countries with a wide variety of native languages. In the modern world, English continues to spread as the major medium through which both small businesses and large corporations do business. There are about 5,000 languages in the world today. Some have gained international status; some are developing; others are used in isolation in their region, community, or village; a few have gone extinct or have died (like Latin and Sanskrit). The number of users of the English language has grown by leaps and bounds. Second language and foreign language users are seen to exceed the number of native speakers.  · Worldwide more or less two billion people live in countries where English has official status.  · One out of five of the world’s population, speaks English with some degree of fluency.  · Over one billion had been seen in the year 2000 to continue their studies in English.  · As language of science and technology, English, the universal language, claims more or less 90% of all information in the world’s electronic retrieval systems being stored in English. English is used regularly by more than 350 million people scattered over the globe. It is the native or official language of one-fifth of the world. Of the languages of colonization it has been the one most important in Africa, Asia and the islands of the central and southern Pacific. The use of English is widespread in international trade, international scholarship, and scientific research. More than half of the world’s scientific and technical journals, as well as newspapers, are printed in English. Three-fourths of the world’s mail is in English. The Soviet Union and China use English in their propaganda broadcasts to the developing countries of Africa and Asia. English is the most widely-studied language in areas where it is not native. In Japan English is widely used in the upper grade level. In India, English is the alternate official language to Hindi. In the Philippines it is the common language or medium of communication of people speaking different languages. More or less 80% of Filipinos speak/understand English. Doing Business Worldwide English is a global language for doing business. In some industries, English is the official standard language. Therefore, an excellent command of English is required for key jobs. In addition, English has emerged as a major language for finance and the stock markets around the world. People wishing to do businesses globally need to have a good command of spoken English. The ability to clearly write in English is also of key importance, as many forms of business communication, from emails to presentations and marketing to important business contracts, are written in English. A CNN Report (CNN) Hiroshi Mikitani sees nothing wrong with the word, incorporating it easily into our discussion about Japans future. The internet entrepreneur and CEO of Rakuten Inc, Japans largest e-commerce site, intends to change his country from the inside out. And Englishization is a part of it, he says bluntly. With 6,000 employees and sales topping $3 billion a year, Mikitani intends Rakuten to keep growing into a global player. The goal: be as common a household name as Google in 10 years. The path to that goal, believes Mikitani, is to speak the global language of business, English. English is the only global language. Were doing a global business. I think this is the only way a Japanese service organization can become a global organization. By 2012, Mikitanis pledge is to make Rakuten an English-only corporation. All communication, verbal and email, would be sent not in Japanese, but in English. Its a daunting task for a Japanese company headquartered in Tokyo. Last years Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) rankings showed Japanese test takers scored second worst in the East Asia region, below North Korea and Myanmar. Only Laos ranked lower than Japan. Hondas CEO, Takanobu Ito, said publicly, â€Å"It’s stupid for a Japanese company to only use English in Japan when the workforce is mainly Japanese. Mikitani doesnt flinch at the criticism. In fact, he seems to relish it. The nature of our business is totally different, he says, pointing out Honda manufactures a hardware item and Rakuten deals with users on the internet. If you want to become successful in other countries, you need to internationalize the headquarters. Rakuten is expanding despite Japans macro-economic struggles. They are starting a Chinese version of Rakuten and purchasing ecommerce sites in the U.S. and France. One thing I know, the definition of country is going to change. Definition of currency is going to change, says Mikitani. There is going to be less importance which country youre operating from. And theres going to be global competition, not local to local. Mikitani is everything Corporate Japan is not: young, a risk-taker, outspoken and fluent in English. He started his company with a friend in 1997, using their own money. The two friends grew the business into the public corporation and powerhouse it is today. The 45 year old, energetic CEO says he is, at the core, utterly Japanese. But he disagrees with how corporate Japan and the policy makers have run the economy and country. Look at the aging demographics and the economy of Japan, says Mikitani, and the writing is on the wall for corporate Japan. Growth, he says, can only happen if Japanese companies go outside of the country for expansion and look for opportunities outside of Japans famously produced cars and electronics. I felt (sic) those kind of ages is over. Now we need to really dramatically change the structure of economy of Japan and IT is going to be an extremely important part of it, says Mikitani. But none of the Japanese for example, politicians, truly understands from the bottom of the heart, how important that is. Mikitani feels the two decades-long economic stagnation for Japan has fundamentally affected the countrys young, which spells trouble for the countrys future. Japanese society, especially younger people, are so inward looking. They dont even want to go to other countries. They want to stay here. They want to have a good life; they dont want to be rich. They want to have a good day to day life. Thats it. And I think we need to be more sort of dynamic, outward looking, he says. The solution, hopes Mikitani, will be found in concrete economic policy from Tokyos lawmakers and strong leadership from Japans companies. Japan can produce innovative, high quality ideas and products, says Mikitani, but the talent needs a direction. He remains positive about his countrys future, despite its problems. Rakuten means optimistic, he points out. I think that in absolute terms, we [Japanese] are lagging. We are slowing down. I dont think we need to be pessimistic, but our window is not so long. An Indian Perspective English even after 36 years of independence occupies an important place in the social educational, administrative, scientific industrial and commercial life of the country. Ever since India became independent, the fortunes of English have seen many ups and downs. In accordance with the prevalent mood of hostility against everything foreign, English, considered only a foreign language, could not also escape the wrath of many people. It was decided to do away with it as early as possible. It was given a lease of fifteen years, and after that it was to be replaced by Hindi as the national and official language of the country. English was spoken and used by a micro-scopic minority of the people and they could not dominate the majority which spoke Hindi. Educationally also it was desirable to impart instruction in Hindi. Educationally also it was desirable to impart instruction in Hindi and other regional languages. Moreover, the continuance of English as the official language of the country was regarded as some sort of an affront to national honor. Did not every country have its own national and official, language, it was asked. There was much weight in all these arguments. But when the deadline, 1965, for the switch-over to Hindi came, there were unseemly controversies and riots in the country. The main opposition to Hindi came from the South. After long and tedious deliberations it was decided to continue English as an associate official language. The States were free to adopt their own languages and were to correspond with one another and the centre either in Hindi or English. Later the the three language formula was also devised. The general feeling is that Hindi as it develops and as people while learning it show, and are shown patience, will continue to gain in importance and will increasingly take over as many functions of English as possible. But along with the spread of Hindi, English will continue to be used in one way or another and it will play its due role in the nation. India is a land of many languages, cultures and religions. It is rich in variety and diversity, but there is a real danger that in the absence of a link language, its unity may just fall to bits. Considering the situation as it is today, English is the only language to discharge this important obligation. At the official level, the importance of English is obvious. It is the associate language of the Centre and most of its employees use it in official work. Since the States have adopted their regional languages for official business and many of them are averse to the use of Hindi, a virtual linguistic chaos would result if English were not used for inter-State communication. So in this sphere also, the importance of English is obvious. Interestingly, the state of Nagaland has English as its official language. In education too, the use of English cannot be dispensed with. Hindi and the regional languages, though they are developing and enjoy official patronage, are still inadequately equipped for imparting education, particularly at the university level. There is a general lack of standard text books and it may well take several decades before there is sufficient development of these languages. Again, English still enjoys a commanding position in science, technology, engineering, law, medicine, commerce, industry and the diplomatic services. It is virtually impossible to replace English in these disciplines by Hindi or any other Indian language. Considering then for a moment the absence of English from India, exchange of professors, doctors administrators, and students will cease. Research will slacken and there will be a steep decline in the quality of education. The efforts of the country to industrialize itself rapidly and to raise the standard of the masses will be seriously undermined. There will widespread disunity and this will jeopardize our freedom. So the role of English today for us is twofold. It knits the country and maintains equality and standard at all levels. Considering this important place of English, we Indians are today learning it in larger numbers than they ever did before. It is a world language and even in Russia, China etc., it is being learnt eagerly. In India those who oppose it seem to be a little prejudiced either for political reasons or because of some absurd sentimentality. Don’t they accept foreign goods, clothes and technical know-how? They do, because it is good and useful. Why then oppose English, simply because it is a foreign language? They should not forget that it was the knowledge of English that helped India gain freedom. The overall situation then appears to be this. English even after 36 years of independence occupies an important place in the social educational, administrative, scientific industrial and commercial life of the country. Those who know and support it need not despair. English will continue though it may occupy a secondary place to Hindi.

Platos the Republic Essay Example for Free

Platos the Republic Essay By the beginning of Book II of Plato’s The Republic, many questions have been brought upon the table involving the definition of justice. Polemarchus argues that justice is doing good to your friends and harm to your enemies. Thrasymachus argues that justice is the advantage of the stronger. Socrates finds flaws in both of these definitions, but discovers another important question about the nature of justice. Socrates wants to know whether the just life or the unjust life is better, or happier, but all arguments thus far have proved unsatisfactory. Book II aims to further outline this complicated question, and hopefully lead them closer to an answer. Glaucon isn’t satisfied by the previous explanations on the nature of justice and injustice. To satisfy his hunger for knowledge, he proposes a challenge to Socrates. Glaucon wants Socrates to explain how justice could be intrinsically good, or, in other words, how justice could be welcomed for its own sake, such as we welcome joy for its own sake. Glaucon expresses this challenge by defining to Socrates the three kinds of goods. Intrinsic goods, he says, are those that are welcomed for their own sake, and not for what rewards could possibly come from them. Mixed goods are those that we welcome for their own sake, but also for what possible rewards could come from them. Instrumental goods are those that we only welcome for the rewards that come from them. Glaucon believes that Socrates could prove that justice is a mixed good by proving exactly how it is instrinsic. Glaucon, in an attempt to reiterate Thrasymachus’s argument in Book I, goes on to present a three-part argument proving that injustice is better than justice. In his first point, Glaucon explains the common conception of justice and it’s origins. Essentially, the natural origin of justice comes from the fact that people like doing injustice, but it is worse to endure justice. Because of this, everyone comes to an agreement not to do injustice so they don’t have to suffer it. Since this story of the origins proves that justice is purely instrumental, if one was to accept this story they would also accept the next two points and, ultimately, accept Thrasymachus’s position. Glaucon’s second point is that justice is purely instrumental. He illustrates this point by using the example of the ring of Gyges. If two people both had the power to do whatever they wanted with no repercussions, as the ring of Gyges would allow them to do, Glaucon thinks that both would end up following the path of the unjust, and be better and happier for it. The just person wearing the ring could do unjust acts but still keep his reputation for justice. Glaucon says, â€Å"No one believes justice to be a good when it is kept private, since, wherever either person thinks he can do injustice with imputiny, he does it† (360c). This leads to his third point. Glaucon thinks that the completely unjust person is much happier than the just person. The ideal unjust person is able to attain everything they could ever want and need, while being honored and praised by those around him for seeming like a just person. Oppositely, the ideal just person is just but doesn’t care about seeming just, thus leading others to believe he is unjust, possibly for his whole life. When the two are compared side by side, it is clear how the unjust person is happy, but not how the just person is happy. Socrates must take certain steps to disprove Thrasymachus’s position on justice. Because the origin story is the key point of Glaucon’s argument, Socrates must show why this origin story seems right but is not. In order to do this, he needs to present a new origin story that shows exactly how justice is instrinsic. Socrates decides that in order to do this he must start by looking at justice in a large sense, then narrow it down to a smaller sense. To outline this process, he states, â€Å"We say, don’t we, that there is the justice of a single man and also the justice of a whole city? And a city is larger than a single man? Perhaps, then there is more justice in the larger thing, and it will be easier to learn what it is. So, if you’re willing, let’s first find out what sort of thing justice is in a city and afterwards look for it in the individual observing the ways in which the smaller is similar to the larger† (368d-369a). In order to look for justice in the city, Socrates must map out an ideal and perfectly just city. By showing the exact specifications of this perfect city, including the classes, functions, and virtues of the people, Socrates can undermine Thrasymachus’s argument and answer Glaucon’s challenge. To define justice and to answer the many questions surrounding justice is one of the main topics of Plato’s The Republic, and Socrates sets out to find these answers for the remainder of the book.

The Popularity Of Hollywood Movies Media Essay

The Popularity Of Hollywood Movies Media Essay It is believed that Hollywood is the greatest national source of entertainment for many people of all ages, races, sexes, and ethnicities. Hollywood movie industry depicts numerous images of a variety of races throughout its films for more than nine and a half billion dollars in 2002 (U.S. Census Abstracts, 2002). Despite the wide variety of shows, movies and images produced by Hollywood, audience of various backgrounds are allowed to generate thoughts, views, and opinions that go a long with their own perceptions. Therefore, many films appear to be non-redundant and convenient though they implicitly include wide variety of repeated plots, characters, and specific characteristics. Regardless of the quality level of movies, they last for long times as they are hard to be imitated or changed. Plato states, in the Republic, those who tell the stories also rule society (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). The most effective images are those left behind contributing in shaping audiences beliefs, opinions and attitudes toward certain events and nations. Arab and Muslim culture was a main target and content for Hollywood movie industry. Savage (2002) believes that Hollywood films have a major influence on the American public, and millions of people have grown up believing that they know Arab and Muslim culture through what they view on the big screen (Savage, 2002, p. 8). Hollywood movie industry has strongly established its popularity in the United States and worldwide. According to Shaheen (2001), Hollywoods motion pictures reach nearly everyone. Cinematic illusions are created, nurtured, and distributed world-wide, reaching more than 100 countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦No sooner do contemporary features leave the movie theaters than they are available in video storesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). Teenagers and children were one of the most affected audiences by the sustained popularity of Hollywood movies. Shaheen (2001) remarks that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦teenagers are avid moviegoers and nowadays purchase four out of ten movie tickets (Shaheen, 2001, p. 5). It is also noted that Hollywood movies and American media are consumed by 150 nations worldwide (Shaheen, 2002). However, the meanings of images conveyed by Hollywood movies to audiences play a crucial role in shaping various stereotypes of peoples. Paul (1998) comments on research findings saying lat erally, Studies indicate that stereotypes are automatically or unconsciously generated in the mind, and that categorizing is an important part of the mental process of evaluating the world (Paul, 1998, p. 52). Hollywood filmmakers employ various stereotypes as an effective tool that establishes protagonists and antagonists; however, frequent appearance of Arabs in antagonistic roles affects audience to believe that such shows are real and true. The stereotypical myths about Arabs reach beyond ordinary audience to become self-perpetuating when more films adopt the same premises. El-Farra (1996) states, it is the myths about Arabs which often inspire directors, producers and screenwriters to develop a product which is then based on stereotypes (El-Farra, 1996, pp. 4-5). Stereotypes Existence and Harm According to Paul (1998), the stereotypes explain why things are the way they are. Other scholars believe that A person develops stereotypes about a groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦from information and disinformation, distortions, and/or opinions made available through family, friends, and the media (Abreu, Ramirez, Kim, Haddy, 2003, p. 693). Generally speaking, stereotypes can negatively affect any race, ethnicity, or a group of people if the negative implications about such groups are synonymous with their members. Abreu et al ( 2003) say that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when one perceives an individual as a member of a particular stereotyped group, the perceivers mind activates the group-relevant cognitive structure and processesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦judgments and attitudes within the framework of that particular stereotype (Abreu et al., p. 693). Crocker and Major (cited in Pitner, Astor, Benbenishty, Haj-Yahia, Zeira, 2003) report, holding negative beliefs about other groups is functional in that it could bo lster the image and esteem of ones own group. Therefore, Hollywood movie makers can portray some races as favorable for audience whereas others cultures are placed in the negative side of audiences awareness. Several of Hollywoods most blatant patterns of bias fall within the categories of race, ethnicity and/or national origin included in this group are negative and/or stereotypical portrayals of Arabs and Arab-Americansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Cones, 1998). All races may be shown as negative groups at certain times; however, some races such as Arabs and Arab-Americans are featured negatively all the time. Seen through Hollywoods distorted lenses, Arabs look different and threatening. Projected along racial and religious lines, the stereotypes are deeply ingrained in American cinema. From 1896 until today, filmmakers have collectively indicted all Arabs as Public Enemy #1- brutal, heartless, uncivilized religious fanatics and money-mad cultural others bent on terrorizing civilized Westerners, especially Christians and Jews. (Shaheen, 2001, p. 2) Several terroristic events which took place before September 11 had been exploited by media and Hollywood movie makers to show Arabs as terrorists in spite that Arabs were not involved in those events. For example, Arabs were blame for the bombings of Oklahoma City and World Trade Center even before investigations launched, and all Arabs were blamed for the invasion of Kuwait by only one Arab country (Iraq). These events were used to convey a message to public saying that Arabs cannot be trusted since they support crimes and mass destruction against humanity as a whole. Popular culture of any people is formed in part through their knowledge and experiences which are mostly acquired by mass media. Shaheen (2001) believes that individuals are influenced by a continuous flow of seen one, seen em all headlines (Shaheen, 2001, p. 28). Therefore, Hollywood movie industry depends upon current evets and headlines to influence their desired perception for purposeful goals when producing new movies. According to Goodstein (1998), Each set of villains reflected headlines and anxieties of its eraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦with Soviet pretensions shattered and aliens from outer space passà ©, the new cinematic enemy is the Muslim extremist. Stereotypes and Myths About Muslims, Arabs and Arab-Americans El-Farra (1996) defines a stereotype as the creation of a biased opinion or view- an individual will take the behavior of one person and state that all people belonging to that particular group, be it an ethnic, religious or social group, behave in the same manner (El-Farra, 1996, p.1). In this sense, Hollywood portrays target groups stereotypes as absolute truths ignoring the fact that there is only some truth born by these stereotypes. However, focusing on and encouraging positive portrays of certain stereotypes make audience view all related members positively. It is believed that in spite of many procedures have been taken to improve stereotypes of certain racial and ethnic stereotypes, Shaheen (2001) thinks that Hollywoods stereotype of Arabs remained the same. Over the last three decades stereotypical portraits have actually increased in number and virulence (Shaheen,2001, p. 28). Portraying Arabs in negative roles all the time even through fictitious stories rather than factual ones whether in movies or TV shows leaves audience more likely to view Arabs as if they really act the roles portrayed in movies and shows and thus public think that all Arabs can only behave accordingly. Therefore, such negative portrayals of Arabs enhance the publics biased judgments, views or attitudes toward Arabs nation and culture. After years of virtual invisibility, Arab-Americans are finally finding prominence in Hollywood movies- as terrorists and villains. They are only the latest in a long line of ethnic groups and nationalities cast in stereotypical bad-guy rolesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Goodstein, 1998). According to Shaheen ( 2001 ), there are four types of myths that pertain to the Arabs and Arab-Americans stereotypes: They are all fabulously wealthy, they are barbarians and uncultured, they are sex maniacs with a penchant for white slavery, and they revel in acts of terrorism (El-Farra,1996, p. 2). Such myths about intentionally imagined Arabs stereotype encourage all participants of Hollywood movie industry including directors, producers, and screenwriters to make their films and TV shows accordingly. In fact, scholars find it hard to explain these representations of Arabs. For example, Shaheen admits such dilemma stating, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I cant say the celluloid Arab has changed. That is the problem. He is what he has always been-the cultural other. In fact Arabs are not the only group that is exposed to negative portrayals of Hollywood. Some critics remark that other minorities stereotypes such as African-Americans and Latinos have been characterized as offensive. Shaheen (2001) stated that History reminds us that the cinemas hateful Arab stereotypes are reminiscent of abuses in earlier times. Not so long ago-and sometimes still-Asians, American Indians, blacks, and Jews were vilified (Shaheen, 2001, p. 4). On the other hand, Cones (1998) believes that there is no such constraint on depicting Arabs as oily and oversexed or shifty-eyed and violent (Cones, 1998). Therefore, it is noted that in spite of the sufferings Arabs and Arab-Americans face as a result of untrue images in the public eyes, Hollywood does nothing to improve or change the current situation of Arabs image in public eyes. This view can be understood and interpreted appropriately if one considers how Hollywood plays a crucial role in directing hatred against Arabs and Arab-Americans. To achieve success in this regard, Hollywood has employed its pre-identified image of Arabs as evils and enemies of humanity in many related media productions (Savage, 2002, p. 7). However, the frequent work of portraying certain stereotypes negatively may not achieve the expected profits for Hollywood movie industry since they would exclude those races and ethnicities members from lists of consumers. Those ethnicities would view such negative images of their cultures as offensive which may reduce their interests in Hollywood productions. Therefore, Hollywood movie makers may think that audience of various backgrounds particularly Arabs would be open-minded enough to view such media campaigns against them as entertainment rather than vicious anti-Arab propaganda. In case that such audiences were not up to Hollywood expectations, Hollywood may have done serious and critical risks in that it would not only threaten its industry but would also contribute to the creation of national and international political struggles that are based on racism and religious discrimination. (Cones, 1998). A group of factors underlie the exposure of Arab stereotype to negative images in Hollywood. These factors include political reasons, profitable box offices, apathy, and the absence of Arab-Americans in the industry. However, Shaheen (2001) ironically says: the fact remains: You can hit an Arab free; theyre free enemies, free villains, where you couldnt do it to a Jew or you cant do it to a black anymore, affirms Sam Keen(Shaheen, 2001, p. 6). The negative image of Arabs in Hollywood productions could also be attributed to what other minorities experienced along the course of forming their cultural awareness and experiences in that Hollywood aims at founding a bad-guy whom exists as battle fuel in movie industry. This is certainly easier for movie makers than attempting to establish other stereotypes in the mentality of the mainstream society. Hollywood audience especially American people have little knowledge about Arabs and Arab-Americans. The main sources of knowledge about Arabs multi-culture are represented for Americans through depictions provided by Hollywood movies and mass media. Convenience of audiences in what is portrayed for them regarding Arabs images may be the most important factor that support the frequent negative productions of Arabs and Arab-Americans. Shaheen believes that convenient stereotypes make it easier for movie producers to create and recreate negative images of Arabs including making good joke of Arabs and inserting a stumbling and bumbling sheikh or an Arab terrorist. Levesque (2002) states, We all know what they look like from watching movies and TV without any thought required. (Levesque, 2002). Reviewing the state of art may reveal that there is a need to create a balance of stereotypes depicted by Hollywood; however, it is believed that such notion is not insistent or pressing since there is no real action to support or at least to reduce the impacts of what is going on in Hollywood movie industry. According to Cones (1998), Hollywood movies involving Arab characters demonstrate that the U.S. film community portrays Arabs in a stereotypical manner and that little or no effort has been made by Hollywood filmmakers to balance portrayals of Arabs with positive portrayalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Cones, 1998). Historical, Cultural, and Religious background of Muslims, Arabs and Arab-Americans Hollywood industry may have misrepresented most information about Arabs background. It is believed that this industry associate Arabs history with negative attributes such as terrorism and violence which contributes to the process of demonization and dehumanization (Savage, 2002, p. 4). In Fact Hollywood defines the term Arab differently. For example, the word Arab is used to describe any person who is originally from the Middle East countries regardless of their diverse cultures, beliefs and religions El-Farra (1996, p.1). The term limits individuals and countries within a distinct target that is open to stereotypes and bias. However, Shaheen thinks that the term refers to the 265 million people who reside in, and the many more millions around the world who are from the 22 Arab states (Shaheen, 2001, p. 2). Historically speaking, a mixed ethnicity have existed in the Arab world which from 5000 BC to the present. According to Shaheen (2001), The Scots, Greeks, British, French, Romans, English, and others have occupied the area (p. 3). In fact, Arabs have crucially contributed to the development of human civilizations. For example, Shaheen (2001) says that Arabs have developed essential sciences that are considered bases of modern technologies including algebra and the concept of zero, for instance. He adds that many English such as algebra, chemistry and coffee are of Arab roots. Arabs proved to be pioneers in several sciences in the middle age. For example, they created and used astrolabes for navigation, star maps and celestial globes in astronomy. In addition they are the first who used the concept of the center of gravity. Moreover, the water clock is one of their conventions; besides inspired the European Gothic style in architecture. In Agriculture, the Arabs were the first nation to introduced oranges, dates, sugar and cotton and to use water irrigation nets. According to Shaheen (2001), 70 percent of the population is under the age of 30 (p. 3) who are mostly share common language, cultural heritage, and religion (Islam). That does not mean that there is non-Muslims in the Arab world as it has been thought by some. Shaheen states that Though the vast majority of them are Muslims, about 15 million Arab Christians reside there as well (Shaheen, 2001, p. 3). The same can be claimed regarding the Arab-Americans who reside in the United States. Shaheen claims that the majority of the United States Arab-American population is also Christians; about 40 percent are Muslim (Shaheen, 2001, p.3). In spite that mass media keeps attempting to show Islam as a religion of terrorism, Muslims are Americas fastest growing religious group, and they include immigrants from more than 60 nations, as well as African-Americans(Shaheen, 2001, p. 4). Hollywood movie industry and other American media prefer to show all Arabs as Muslims. Shaheen thinks that A majority of the worlds 1.1 billion Muslims are Indonesian, Indian, and Malaysian, but only 12 percent of the worlds Muslims are Arabs. Shaheen indicates that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Moviemakers ignore this realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Repeatedly, they falsely project all Arabs as Muslims and all Muslims as Arabs. As a result viewers tend to link the same attributes to both peoples (Shaheen, 2001, p. 4). On the other hand, the religion of Islam does not go untarnished. As a result of the representations of stereotypically fanatic Arabs that are bent on destruction, Islam is assumed to be linked with acts of mass destruction and violence. Todays image makers regularly link the Islamic faith with male supremacy, holy war, and acts of terror, depicting Arab Muslims as hostile alien intruders, and as lecherous, oily sheikhs intent on using nuclear weapons (Shaheen, 2001, p. 9). It is noted that portraying Arabs and Arab-Americans by using such negative characteristics has, similarly, led to presenting Islam to most movie viewers. Shaheen (cited in El-Farra, 1996) says, In an attempt to place Islam in a category that Americans can understand, the media portrays images of Muslims as belonging to a faith of 800 million people, consisting of strange, bearded men,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in robes and turbansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. According to El-Farra, the distortion of Islam leads audience to think that it is a mysterious religion prone that encourages acts of terrorism, violence, and fanaticism. These themes are maintained by movies industry (El-Farra, ). On the other hand, the majority of Hollywood movie makers and other mass media ignore basic facts about Islam including its message that calls for equality and peace. In order to show respect and appreciation for Muslim religious leaders, arabs call them as. Shaheen defines the word sheikh literally as a wise elderly person, the head of the familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Shaheen, 2001, p.19). However, it has completely misuded by Hollywood and moviemakers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in the 1920s he was a swarthy sheikh, wiggling his eyebrows and chasing the Western heroine around a tiled courtyard. After the 1973 oil crisis producers revitalized the image of the fabulously wealthy and slothful sheikhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Shaheen,2001, p.19). instead of showing sheikhs as wise men or leaders of society, screenwriters often present them as stooges-in-sheets, slovenly, hook-nosed potentates intent on capturing pale-faced blondes for their harems (Shaheen, 2001, p.19). The negative image of the sheikh appeared to shift, by time, to one of excessive violence. Shaheen (2001) says that earlier movies would depict indolent sheikhs lounging on thrones. But, contemporary films pres ent oily, militant, ostentatious sheikhs reclining in Rolls Royces, aspiring to buy up chunks of America ( p. 21). Further, recent images have completely changed portrays of sheikh even from the Arab definition of the term. According to (Shaheen, 2001, p. 21), current movies introduce anti-Christian and anti-Jewish Arabs armed with nuclear weapons, and plenty of oil and cash. In fact these views are always produced in the context of Islam which is showed to justify violence against the West, Israel, and fellow Arabs. Movie makers have not drop arab women from their similar negative considerations. For example, shaheen (2002) notes that Arab women in the Middle East are portrayed mainly as bundles of black cloth, submissive harem maidens or carrying jugs on their heads. He adds that They have no identities whatsoever, and theyre always mute (Shaheen, 2002). Shaheen(2001) believes that image makers can make personal and political statements depending on the customes and steryptypes women are presented in. he adds that By covering the reel Arab woman in black and relegating her to silence, the costumer links her to oppression. But throughout the Arab world, women wear a variety of apparel. (Shaheen, 2001, p. 23). Shaheen (2001) states that Arab woman are usually portrayed with negative roles in Hollywoods movies. For instance, they usually appear with no effective acts wearing black dresses all time. Shaheen (2001) also emphasizes that even they do not have speaking or working roles. Such extreme negative portrays of Arab women in Hollywood images may lead audience to link Islam with negative message of oppression against women rights. The constant negative portrays of women and their ideology of Islam leave strong effect against the social and cultural life of Arabs and Muslims as a whole among audience. Therefore, Hollywood ignores the fact that Arab and Arab-American women can effectively be positive contributors to their society or humanity in general. Economically, Hollywood images keep drawing Arabs as the only owners and suppliers of oil around the world. Thisw results in making audience believe that arabs life is based on only oil fortune without having other economic resource to live on. On the other hand, Hollywood and in large world audience think that OPEC is an Arab organization despite the fact that only seven of the thirteen OPEC members are Arab nations. Moreover, According to El-Farra, 1996), of the five largest oil-producing countries, only one is an Arab nation, Saudi Arabia (p. 2). However, one may not be sure whether people around the world really believe that. For example, an economic editor states that the worlds supplies of oil and price levels are manipulated and controlled by greedy Arabs (El-Farra, p. 2). Such pre-identified ideas may only contribute to continuing negative attitudes toward Arabs and Arab-Americans. Current Events Involving Muslims, Arabs/Arab-Americans Large amounts of present worldwide events may also have contributed to drawing peoples attitudes, perceptions and feelings toward Arabs and Arab-Americans. Such events may have also affected Arabs image in Hollywoods eyes. For example, the Arab-Israeli conflict is considered one of the most important factors that is used to feed audiences attitudes toward Arabs. This conflict which extended along more than half a century period and still going on may have provided the American media with a rich source to portray Arabs as extremely aggressive while Israelis who are generally supported by west are innocent victims. Kressel (cited in El-Farra, 1996) believes that the American media which be considered the strongest around the world practiced unequal roles in covering the Arab Israeli conflict attempting to put Arab states as powerful ones depending on violence and aggressions in their conflict with Israel who, in turn, is portrayed as a small country found in the midst of aggressive large states. Arabs in this image are shown as those who attack Israel which tries its best to preserve democracy, freedom and its people lives. In this sense, Mark Twain (cited in Shaheen, 2001) says, We are all ignorant, just about different things. However, when it comes to the Middle East, many Americans are ignorant about the history and plight of the Palestinian people (Shaheen, 2001, p. 26). Shaheen thinks the repeated negative images about Palestinians which portrayed by Hollywood movie makers and mass media left a myth among audience that all Palestinians are the enemy of humanity, violent and extremely terrorists. Apart from Israeli-Palestinian movies supported by Hollywood, one notes that human dramas show Palestinians as a normal people who is characterized with universal humanistic attributes like all peoples. These incomparable art works with Hollywoods portray Palestinians as innocent victims whereas Israelis as non-merciful occupiers. One cannot find a Hollywood movie that present reality about Israeli soldiers and settlers who frequently attack Palestinians farms to uproot their olive orchards or threaten Palestinians lives as it appears in some media news. Shaheen (2001) states that there American movies does not show the everyday actual struggle of Palestinian families under the highly pressing occupation, Palestinian refugee camps which are considered the largest in the world, or how Palestinians are exposed to most difficult circumstances in their pursuant to get back to their own home land (Shaheen, 2001, p. 26). Research has indicated that showing Arabs as terrorists repeatedly directs American audiences attitudes to take them as enemies. According to Martin (cited in El-Farra, 1996), the word terrorism was used by the press in describing events and individuals they disapproved of. Yet, when describing these same acts by individuals who are not Arabs, the media was careful to appear neutral and unbiased. On the other hand, Shaheen states that news reports selectively and relentlessly focus on a minority of Arabs, the radical fringe. The seemingly indelible Arab-as-villain image wrongly conveys the message that the vast majority of the 265 million peace-loving Arabs are bad guys (Shaheen, 2001, p. 28). In the 1990s Arabs and Arab-Americans images got worse in American audiences eyes. For example, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, which led to the second Gulf War, and the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center lead some Americans to believe that all Arabs are terrorists and that Arabs do not value human life (Shaheen, 2001, p. 29). This, in turn, strengthens the ideology that Arabs are aggressive and real enemies of America. Moreover, public opinion seems to be influenced directly by the way these events were covered in mass media. Therefore, both the intentional negative use of media against Arabs and the dominant prior stereotypical judgments were the main reasons of the continual Arab-bashing according to Shaheen (2001). Further, some movie makers found that such portrays of arabs provide them with rich opportunities to justify their productions. Shaheen remarks that the news programs which are used by some producers and directors deny that they are actually engaged in stereotyping. Shaheen reports their objection literally when they say, Were not stereotyping, just look at your television set, those are real Arabs (Shaheen, 2002, p. 29). It is noted that the disappointing use of media has been occurred through a prejudicial way presented during the issue of Okalahoma City Bombing. According to El-Farra (1996), In 1995, within minutes of the event, news reporters were insinuating that the bombing was an act of terrorists. Raised with unpopular stereotypes of Arabs, the American public was quick to develop images of Arab terrorists destroying American property (El-Farra, 1996, p.1).Government officials were also quick to point an accusatory finger at Middle Eastern terrorists. An Arab-American spokesman believes that the American people were so quick to blame Arabs for Oklahomas events as a result of Hollywood movies negative influence upon them. Cones (1998) states that most Americans, including politicians and media leaders, have been affected by Hollywood propaganda. According to El-Farra (1996), even experts of terrorism (e.g. Steven Emerson) do not believe Islamic groups when they denied involvement ( p. 1). Consequently, it was hard for the American public to attribute terrorism to Americans themselves that is why El-Farra (1996) states that terrorism appear in movies mostly points out unconsciously to Arab culture and people. El-Farra (cited in Bazzi, 1995) points to the 1995 report of American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee which indicates that 250% increase in hate crimes against Arabs were from the previous year (pp. 1-2). According to (Cajee, 1995), The Oklahoma Hate and Harassment Report states that along the period taken to arrest the suspect Timothy McVeigh all people of middle eastern appearance have become suspects in bombing Alfred Murrah Federal Building. Therefore, Muslims and Arabs, in particular, were the most to suffer from the bombings effects. it was also found that manifistations of arabs and American arabs of suffers i ncluded widespread fear and intimidation, commonplace verbal harassment at school, in public and in the workplace, and a significant number of physical assaults and hate crimes (Cajee, 1995). Cajee (1995) found out that reports of most serious events of hate crimes include: Reports that associated Muslims to terror bombings of Oklahoma led some angry Americans to attack an Iraqi young refugees home in Oklahoma City on April 20th and cause loss of her baby. The windows of a mosque and community center in Stillwater, Oklahoma were caused by drive-by shootings on April 19th and 20th. Using knives to attack Arabs in an apartment parking lot or beating a student in a supermarket parking lot were only some examples of physical assaults reported by students. It was reported by Local Islamic centers and some Arab or Arab-Americans that they were frequently exposed to an onslaught of hate calls. Therefore, Arabs, Arab-Americans, and similar ethnicities were the core subject of unjust and violence in a very short period of time as a result of medias aggressive influence against them. Shaheen (2001) states that Though no American of Arab descent was involved, they were instantly targeted as suspects. He adds that Speculative reporting, combined with decades of harmful stereotyping, resulted in more than 300 hate crimes against them (Shaheen, 2001, p.7). Negative stereotypes may impact the perceptions of the public particularly when they are related to their attitudes toward certain races. Moreover, such stereotypes may also affect the way some races feel about their heritage, culture, religion, and self-esteem. Repeatedly over time, movie makers in Hollywood use some images of stock caricatures to focus on. For instance, American Arabs or Muslims are frequently shown as members of isolated communities until audience believe that Muslims are entirely different from other Americans (Shaheen, 2002). Therefore, movies which include true depiction of Arabs and Islamic culture seems to be nonsexist in Hollywood most of the time. In fact, there is a big need for founding new positive images of Arabs and Muslims in American movies and mass media. However, most Arabs and American Arabs believe that they are a subject of embarrassment whenever they have to replace audiences negative attitudes towards them by more objective ones. This sociological and psychological dilemma is strongly exist among Arabs and Muslims themselves who live in America. The most affected category in this regard in the children. In order to avoid embarrassments resulted from the wide influence of media and Hollywood movies upon Arabs, one can easily note how Arabs avoid introducing themselves as Arabs or Muslims. For example, it is noted that they deny their original identities saying literally, Im not Arab, Im Spanish, or Im Italian. Therefore, the widespread of negative attitudes toward Arabs results in killing Arabic heritage and leaving feelings of shame among Arabs (Shaheen, 2002). According to Monteith (cited in Paul, 1998), by five years of age, many children have definite stereotypes about blacks, women, and other social groups. He adds, Children do not have a choice about accepting or rejecting these conceptions, since theyre acquired well before they have their own cognitive abilities or experiences to form their own beliefsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ they must compete with all the forces that would promote and perpetuate these stereotypes: peer pressure, mass media (p. 58). In the same sense, at a time Arab youth learn negative stereotypes of Hollywood movies, arab children would find it hard to go long with this image as long as they have their own Arabic heritage. According to Shaheen (2001), the persistent images of Arabs in media and movies contributes, to great degree, in shaping their perceptions towards themselves and

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

Scout learned a number of things in the book, but most of them all refer back to a statement that Atticus and Calpurnia said, which goes, â€Å"It’s a sin to kill a mockingbird because all they do is sing their hearts our for us.† (Lee, pg. 90). Scout learned that about people, too. She learned that some people don’t do anything to you, so it would be a sin to do something mean in return. Over the course of the story Scout becomes more mature and learns the most important facts of life. She was living through a very difficult time and most of that helped her get through.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While watching Atticus during the trial, Scout learned a lot about her father. She learned that he was more than just an ordinary man to the Negroes. He was defending Tom Robinson, which meant a lot to them, because not many white people in the county would do a thing like that. Very few, if any, white men would defend a black man in a trial in a segregated county during the 1930’s. Because of what Atticus did more people, both white and black, gained respect for him. Scout saw that to the neighborhood people, Atticus was a very wise man, and a very good man, also. While Scout was watching from he balcony, she saw her father do something she had never seen. He told Bob Ewell to write his name on a sheet of paper. Scout saw that Bob was left handed, so he couldn’t have beaten up Mayella, because her black eye was on the right side of her face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outside the jailhouse before the trial began, Scout learned that as a child she could make angry men stand in Atticus’ shoes for a minute. There was a crowd who was made with Atticus, and they wanted to hang Tom Robinson. She talked to Walter Cunningham directly about his own family, which reminded him of what a decent person he really was. He then led the group away. (â€Å"Last night you made Walter Cunningham stand in my shoes for a minute. That was enough.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Atticus (Lee, pg. 157)). Mr. Cunnigham was only in that group of people because he (and most of the other men) were afraid something bad would happen to them if they turned on Atticus’ side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jem told Scout a lot of bad things about Mr.

Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers

Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong. Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong.

CanGo’s Financial Analysis Essay

Following up with our initial analysis last week, NewGen had the opportunity to review CanGo’s financial statement. The success of a business depends on its ability to remain profitable over the long term, while being able to pay all its financial obligations and earning above average returns. NewGen leveraged our knowledge of Investment rations, breaking our analysis down into four (4) key areas, efficiency, financial leverage, liquidity and profitability. Attached you will find our financial analysis summary matrix. 1.Efficiency Ratio We began with a look at your efficiency ratio, concentrating on your receivables turn over for the past year. This reflects the time between your sale and actual collection. If a company’s Turnover Rate is significantly lower than industry norms, there could be an underlying reason such as poor collection methods, high-risk customers or low sales. With CanGo’s Efficiency Ratio for receivables turnover was at 1.51, there is room for improvement and a closer look needs to be performed to pinpointed where the problem lies. We next looked at CanGo’s Inventory Turnover as a measure of CanGo’s inventory management efficiency. In general, a higher value indicates better performance and lower value means inefficiency in controlling inventory levels; CanGo’s was 1.56. This lower inventory turnover ratio may be an indication of overstocking which may pose risk of obsolescence and increased inventory holding costs (Accounting Explained, 2012). 2.Financial Leverage Taking a look at CanGo’s equity ratio for how much they relied on their debt, we were surprise to see a low debt to equity ratio of 7.57, thereby enabling CanGo to utilize more of their revenue for their future plans (Financial Dictionary, 2012). 3.Liquidity Ratio Our Review of CanGo’s Liquidity included the current ratio, the quick ratio and the operating cash flow ratio or Working Capital. a. Current Ratio reflected a 1, which is low if CanGo wishes to position themselves to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts or assist with the planned upgrades. b. Your Quick Ratio fell below a 1 to .95. As a common rule of thumb, a quick ratio of greater than 1.0 means a company is sufficiently able to meet their short-term liabilities. With CanGo’s falling below this threshold, could be indicative that your over-leveraged, struggling to maintain or grow sales, paying bills too quickly, or collecting receivables too slowly. This ties into our comments above on yor efficiency ratio (Investigatinganswers, 2012). c. Working Capital for the past year reflected a negative balance almost 8.5m that will seriously impact on banking institutions percentage against planned activities. 4. Profitability NewGen’s final analysis was on CanGo’s profitability looking at your Return on Assets and Sales. CanGo’s return on assets reflected a .023 indicative that your more asset-intensive and must reinvest more money to continue generating earnings (About.com, 2012). Similarly, CanGo’s Return on Sales (ROS) was .17 (Investopedia, 2012).

Implication of Budget 2013

According to the Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak, who is also Finance Minister, at the Dewan Rakyat on Friday, September 28 tabled that the Budget 2013 themed â€Å"Prospering The Nation, Enhancing Well-Being of the Rakyat: A Promise Fulfilled† . 2013 budget was formulated with a focus on improving the living standards of people across the country, ensuring sustainable economic growth, prudent spending and reduce the country's fiscal deficit with the overall goal of focusing on the welfare of the people.The Government will ensure people get the best services and maximum benefits as a result of the implementation of development programs and projects in 2013, the global economic environment is expected to improve, economic growth is projected to grow more strongly at 4. 5 percent to 5. 5 percent. Though this, the first positive implication is increase economic growth through increased investment activity. Economic growth will continue to be driven by foreign direct investm ent and domestic. In the first half of 2012, private investment increased to 75. billion dollars from 59. 8 billion dollars in the same period in 2011. This trend is expected to continue in 2013 with private investment is expected to increase to 148. 4 billion dollars. In order to stimulate domestic investment and accelerate the participation of Malaysian companies in the global supply chain, the Government has provided funds Domestic Strategic Investments worth 1 billion dollars under the Investment Development Authority of Malaysia. The fund aims to take advantage of outsourcing activities and the acquisition of technology by local companies.In addition, the government has also introduced incentives for the acquisition of foreign companies and special tax rates to encourage local service providers to merge into larger entities. Besides, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economic transformation of the country. As to accelerate the growth of SMEs and the expansion of the scope of the industry across the country, a fund of 1 billion dollars will be made available under the SME Development under the operating SME Bank.These measures facilitate the access of SMEs to obtain financing and further develop their business. Next, the second positive implication will be he reduces of citizen’s burden especially low income citizens. in term of reduce in burden as in both reducing cost of living and quality of living of Malaysian government provided a program called program Rumah Mesra Rakyat where the NHC will build a total of 21. 000 units for 2013. Under this program also, the NHC will build a house costing 65 thousand dollars with a subsidy of 20 thousand dollars and interest rate subsidies on loans of 2 percent.In addition, a sum of 543 million dollars will be provided to the National Housing Department implement 45 projects under the Public Housing Program involves 20. 454 housing units will be constructed using the Industriali sed Building System. All residential units will be sold between 30 to 40 thousand dollars per unit than the market price around 120 thousand dollars per unit. 20 percent of the PPR housing units allocated to civil servants and some of the people with disabilities.Besides that ,everyone wish to own a house so to enable this to happen more First Home Scheme, was launched by the last budget, will be improved by increasing the income limit individual borrowers from 3,000 dollars to 5,000 dollars a month or 10,000 dollars a month for joint loans of husband and wife. In addition, reserve requirements and deposit 3 month minimum period of 6 months work will also be abolished. Other then housing subsidy, 1Malaysia People's Aid (BR1M 2. 0) also launched to establish goal of reduce people living cost.RM 250 will be given to individual that below 21 years old with income less then RM 2100. Thirdly, Malaysia Budget 2013 also contributes in development of rural and indigenous communities. Rural areas will continue to be developed to reduce the gap of urban and rural development. 4. 5 billion dollars will be provided to implement various development projects in 2013 include ,first ,a total of 1. 2 billion is allocated to implement the project 441 km of rural roads and rural roads benefiting 220 thousand inhabitants. Second a total of 1. billion is allocated for infrastructure projects rural utilities for water supply projects to 24 thousand households and extension project electricity to 19 thousand households. Third, a total of 137 million dollars allocated for Sustainable rural Program involving 29 villages throughout the country and benefit 38 thousand inhabitants. Major programs include the upgrading of marine products processing plants and food, building a new pier, the construction of a centre for marketing, improving the package and recreational activities as well as the home stay.Fourth, a total of 88 million is allocated for economic development programs and projec ts of water supply for indigenous peoples; and fifth ,a total of 100 million dollars to supply 40 thousand water tank using rainwater catchment, particularly in remote areas in Sabah and Sarawak. In the other hand, Malaysia Budget 2013 also has some negative implication. First of all, we see that this time the government spending is still a deficit which mean excess of expenditure over income ,although it decreased compared to last year (2012), from 4. 7% to 4. 0% of a 21. billion once the government accumulated outstanding debt of nearly 503 billion or half trillion for to-16 years in a row since 1997. That amount is 53. 7% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP or GDP) for 2012. The initial RM1. 8 billion that was allocated to BR1M for 3. 4m households in the 2012 budget ballooned to over RM2 billion for over 4 million households. A country whose GDP is projected to expand by 5 per cent in 2012 should see fewer households earning less than 3000RM. And yet, BR1M recipients are projecte d to increase to 4. 3 million households with another 2. 7m individuals earning less than 2000RM joining them.Without proper checks and balances, the RM3b that has been allocated to BR1M 2. 0 for Budget 2013 can easily increase to more than RM4b, if not more. The same lack of fiscal prudence could be seen in the expenditure on subsidies. An allocation of RM32. 8 billion was given for subsidies in Budget 2012 but the actual expenditure on subsidies is projected to be at RM42. 4 billion, an increase of RM9. 6 billion or 29. 3 per cent over the original budget! If the same kind of trajectory is followed, the RM37. 6 billion which is allocated for subsidies in Budget 2013 could easily increase to almost RM50 billion.Besides that, sugar subsidy reduced by 20sen per kg. Sugar Should be a controlled item but it price has gone up four times, by 20sen per kg on Jan 1, 2010, 25sen on July 18, 2010, 20sen on Dec 4, 2010, and 20sen on May 10, 2011. A remarkable affect on the property market see n sugar is a common goods that cannot be replace. Government has proposed the real property derive tax RPGT from the disposal of properties made within a period not surpassing two years from the date of purchase will be taxed at the rate of 15% and at 10% for disposal of property within a period of two to five years.This symbolise an increase on RPGT of 10% is applied to properties held and inclined of within two years, and a rate of 5% was retained for properties sold within the third, fourth and fifth years after purchase and it would give result in a negative impact on the country. As a conclusion, there are both positive and negative implication toward Malaysia Budget 2013 . In my opinion, most of the positive implication are brings short term effect but the some negative implication might cause long term liabilities to our economy.